Understanding Diabetes: A Crucial Guide to Managing Blood Glucose Levels

Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how the body processes blood sugar, or blood glucose levels (BGL).

The hormone insulin, produced by the pancreas, plays a key role in regulating these levels. However, in people with diabetes, either the body doesn’t produce enough insulin, or the insulin doesn’t function effectively.

There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

• Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells. This type of diabetes is lifelong and requires regular insulin injections, as lifestyle changes alone cannot control it.
• Type 2 diabetes develops gradually as the body becomes resistant to insulin. Over time, the pancreas produces less insulin, making it harder to manage blood glucose levels.
  While Type 2 can often be managed through diet, exercise, and sometimes oral medication, it still requires careful attention.

Regardless of the type, maintaining a balanced diet and regular exercise is essential to managing diabetes and preventing long-term complications by stabilising BGL.

Blood Glucose Levels (BGL) Basics

For those without diabetes, BGL typically ranges between 4.0 and 8.0 mmol/L. People with diabetes, however, struggle to maintain these levels due to the body’s impaired ability to regulate glucose.

Diabetes Australia provides guidelines on managing BGLs:

• Low BGL (below 4.0 mmol/L): This condition, known as hypoglycemia, requires immediate treatment, such as consuming something sweet (e.g., a jellybean or glucose gel). Symptoms include trembling, irritability, and lack of concentration. If someone is unconscious, call emergency services immediately.
• High BGL (over 15.0 mmol/L): Known as hyperglycemia, this condition occurs when there’s not enough insulin to lower glucose levels. Symptoms include excessive thirst, fatigue, and frequent urination. Persistent high levels should prompt a visit to a doctor for an updated management plan, as long-term hyperglycemia can lead to serious health issues.

If you have any concerns, consult your GP or refer to reliable resources like Diabetes Australia or your local wellness team for guidance.